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Wednesday, 30 January 2013
:: worldless wednesday :: sambutan tahun baru 2013
Friday, 25 January 2013
Thursday, 24 January 2013
program citra siswa OPKOM ke-21
i'll update about the programe later
see u
bye..
=]
semoga mendapat keberkatan ilahi
Monday, 21 January 2013
action speaks louder than words!!
Friday, 18 January 2013
makhluk aneh
atas : belum masak
bawah: yang dah dimasak, yg kanan bawah tu, cengkerang dia dah tercabut
errkk.. kalau korang sanggup x makan ni?
saya x mampu nk makan
tengok pun dah rasa semacam
sebu je tengkuk =p
(*~~*)
[opto]~ larutan kanta sentuh yang tidak halal
Thursday, 17 January 2013
result contact lens
menggigil kaki tangan ~ contact lens final practical exam
Monday, 14 January 2013
bam bam bammmmm
fresh from oven
wekkkkk =p
rambut dia lebatnyerrr
sama x ngan kakak dia dulu?
kakak najah umur sehari
kakak najah
ni latest pic yg ada.. beberapa bulan lepas ni
sama x?
=]
Najah jr have arrived 13113~ cucu mok muda yg ke-11
Saturday, 12 January 2013
HIMPUNAN KEBANGKITAN RAKYAT KKR112
ramainyerr
tuntut royalti
HEBAT.. solat subuh di masjid negara.. dah macam solat jumaat
ni lah barisan unit amal yang banyak berjasa
melimpah ruah manusia sampai x muat stadium (ada yg nk kata ni edit ke?)
k
bye
(' ',)v
Friday, 11 January 2013
[opto] Possible Contact Lens Complications
Possible Contact Lens Complications |
Contact lenses are a reasonable alternative to glasses to attain good vision. However, contact lenses are not without risk. The most common complications occur due to poor hygiene or compliance. We recommend having a set of glasses in case you must discontinue use of your contact lenses due to problems. Annual exams by your eye doctor are highly recommended to avoid serious complications and ensure your ongoing eye health.
The following conditions are possible complications of contact lenses. You, the patient, must be aware of the potential hazards and accept these relative risks in addition to the benefits of contact lenses. 1. Contact lens over-wear: This occurs when a contact lens is worn longer than the cornea can tolerate. Not enough oxygen gets to the cornea resulting in temporary discomfort and blurred vision. The treatment is to discontinue wearing the contact lenses for a few days. 2. Corneal abrasion: This is a "scratch" on the surface of the cornea resulting from a poorly fitting contact lens or possibly from foreign material under a contact lens. Over-wear can also cause an abrasion. Treatment includes antibiotics and a bandage contact lens. Infection may result from this condition. 3. Allergic reaction: In this condition, the eye becomes red and irritated in response to the cleaning and/or storage solutions or seasonal allergies. It is more often seen with soft contact lenses and usually is a reaction to the preservatives in these solutions. Treatment includes changing to different solutions and storage methods 4. Tight Lens Syndrome: This is more often seen with soft and extended wear lenses. The lens, which had previously fit well, "tightens up" and does not allow tears and oxygen to reach the cornea. This can lead to a corneal abrasion. Treatment is to refit the lens. 5. Corneal warpage: This is usually due to contact lens over-wear or poor fitting lenses or inadequate follow-up. This is more often seen with hard and gas permeable contact lenses, but can occur in soft contact lenses too due to over-wear. In this condition, the shape of the cornea becomes altered in response to the contact lenses. If severe warpage occurs, the lenses may no longer fit well and discomfort results. Treatment includes discontinuation of lens wear until the warpage resolves, which may take weeks to months. During this healing time, vision may fluctuate, requiring a change in the glasses prescription one or more times. Occasionally, the warpage may not resolve and the astigmatism created may persist. 6. Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC): In this condition there is redness and discomfort when wearing the contact lenses. It is more often seen with soft contact lenses and most likely results from over-wear or an allergic reaction to deposits which have formed on the lenses, or to the lens material itself. Treatment includes temporary discontinuation of lens wear, switching to a new or different design lens and may occasionally result in inability to continue lens wear at all. 7. Corneal ulcer: This is the most severe complication of contact lenses. It is more often seen with continuous wear soft contact lenses. In this condition, trauma to the cornea from the contact lens results in a bacterial infection. This may require hospitalization for the frequent antibiotic eye-drops required to control this infection. Corneal scarring may result in spite of effective treatment, and may result in loss of vision. Corneal transplantation may be required in some cases for restoration of vision. |
Thursday, 10 January 2013
[opto] Common Contact Lens Complications
All contact lenses are still foreign bodies to the eyes, they can and sometimes do give rise to eye problems. However, these complications are fairly uncommon and easily remedied. The incidence of these complications from lens wearing can be prevented if they are utilized properly, in terms of proper lens fitting, appropriate wearing schedule and stringent lens hygiene. Wearers should view the warning signs and symptoms seriously. Consult your eye-care practitioner immediately if prolonged red-eye, eye discomfort, reduced vision, sensitivity to light and eye discharge develops. Giant papillary conjunctivitis(GPC) is the most common contact lens related problem. It appears as numerous tiny swelling on the inside surface of the eyelids, particularly on the upper tarsal plate. The most common underlying cause is an allergic reaction to the lens protein deposit, lens material or solution. Although it's not sight-threatening, the itchiness, increased lens awareness, sticky discharge and reduced vision make lens wearing unbearable. Once GPC occurs, it's best to discontinue contact lens wear until the signs and symptoms have resolved and your practitioner has given you green light to resume lens wear. The recurrence of this condition is not uncommon. When resume NEW lens wear, you are advised to pay particular attention on lens maintenance, replace your lenses more frequently, or consider switching to disposable or RGP contact lenses. Top of page Corneal abrasion may occur from a tiny particle (for example sand or some airborne debris) getting under the lens. This is far more common with RGP than soft lenses. There is a varying degree of pain or discomfort and a feeling of foreign body sensation. It may result from wearing an RGP lens with an edge defect or a soft lens with an edge tear. Often does not require medical treatment. If deeper corneal layer is affected or the abrasion is over a large area, immediate medical treatment is needed. Top of page Corneal neovascularisation is the ingrowth of abnormal blood vessel into the cornea from the limbus (junction of cornea and eye-white).The cornea normally has no blood vessels. Contact lens wear slightly reduce the oxygen deliver to the cornea, when lens wear is prolonged for days at a time or a lens that significantly limit the oxygen supply to the cornea, the cornea responds to this chronic oxygen deprivation by growing new abnormal blood vessels. Further progression involves ingrowth of larger vessels accompanied by increasing amount of connective tissue into the transparent cornea. This fibrovascular scar is called Pannus, if unchecked it can grow over the pupil region of the cornea. The occurrence of neovascularisation requires immediate lens change to allow sufficient oxygen supply to the cornea, by using of higher oxygen transmissibility lens material and stop extended wearing schedule. Top of page Corneal oedema (swelling), like neovascularisation, related to insufficient oxygen to the cornea. Improperly used extended wear lenses are the most likely cause. If detected early and remedial action taken, the cornea will most likely without complications. There are often no symptoms. In some cases, wearer may experience hazy vision, haloes around lights and pain upon removal of the lenses . Allowing the condition to continue can cause breaks on the corneal surface and lead to corneal infection and permanent scarring of the cornea. Prevention is the best treatment. Regular follow-up examinations can detect oxygen deprivation and microscopic cornea changes before they become problematic. Replacing contact lenses as recommended and refrain from over-night lens wear is necessary to maintain normal eye health. Top of page Corneal ulcer is the most devastating contact lens complication. The responsible micro-organisms to this complication may be bacteria, fungi or parasitic amoeba. Wearing a lens without proper cleaning and disinfection, small break or abrasion on the cornea as a result of foreign body or excessive corneal stress, have the greater likelihood for infectious micro-organisms to cause corneal infection. The risk is greater in soft lens wearers and those wearing lenses on extended wear basis. Symptoms of acute eye pain, foreign body sensation, eye discharge and a red-eye should warn the wearer to remove the lens and seek advice immediately from your practitioner. Delay in treatment of this condition can lead to corneal scarring or corneal perforation in extreme case. Prevention is to:
|
Wednesday, 9 January 2013
Friday, 4 January 2013
mandi malam
http://kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2012&dt=0120&pub=Kosmo&sec=Pesona&pg=ps_03.htm
posted from Bloggeroid
Wednesday, 2 January 2013
[opto] MOHINDRA RETINOSCOPY TECHNIQUE
MOHINDRA RETINOSCOPY TECHNIQUE
Introduction
Mohindra retinoscopy has been introduced by
Mohindra (1977, 1980). This is a technique of near retinoscopy that are very
beneficial in determining the refractive errors of infants or children. Some studies
have shown a good correlation between this technique and cycloplegic
retinoscopy.
Equipment
Retinoscopy and lens rack
Procedure
1. The examiner should be 50cm from patient. During this
procedure, the examiner may use the same eye to examine both eyes of patient.
2. The room illumination should be completely dark.
3. Set the intensity of the retinoscopy to a level that
allows for observation of the reflex without being aversive to patient.
4. Sit in front of patient. Mother can hold the child if
the child can not sit.
5. Occlude the left eye and test the right eye. Patient
is instructed to look at the light. For infant, usually they tend to look at
the light automatically, but if it is not happen, stimulate the child’s
attention by making sounds.
6. Shine the light to the eye, and observe the principal meridian. Then use lens
rack to neutralizes each meridian and identify the power.
7. Calculate the retinoscopy finding in minus cyl form.
8. After that, add -1.25D sphere to the spherical
component of the finding. The resultant sphero-cylinder represents the patients
correction.
a. -1.25D represents a constant number for lag of
accommodation
9. Repeat the procedure for the other eye.
Overview
Studies have shown that the more hyperopic an infant is the
less accurate Mohindra becomes when compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy. If
infants exhibit esophoria or esotropia it appears to also not show a good
correlation with the actual amount of hyperopia present.
Tuesday, 1 January 2013
selamat datang 2013 ~ apa azam saya?
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